Exporting from Russia to China: Current Legal Regulations and Requirements

 

Anna Ivanova, Attorney at BRACE Law Firm©

February 29, 2024

 

Due to the sanctions imposed on Russia, Russian exports are increasingly oriented toward China.

In 2023, China increased its imports of Russian goods by 12.7% (to $129.1 billion). Among the top 10 commodity groups, purchases of Russian aluminum (2.1 times), vegetable oils (twofold), oilseeds and fruits (by 80%), and precious metals (by 43%) grew at an accelerated pace. Additionally, in 2023, China imported a record 107 million tons of Russian crude oil — 24% more than in 2022. In value terms, oil imports from Russia to the PRC amounted to $60.6 billion, which is 3.5% higher than in 2022 ($58.6 billion). The average price of Russian oil for China per barrel delivered was $77.6, which is higher than the $60 price cap established by the G7 countries. [1]

When conducting export supplies to China, businesses must consider aspects such as Chinese legal requirements for exported products, the existence of international agreements and export support measures from Russia to China, and documentation requirements. This article examines the primary issues related to export supplies from Russia to the PRC.

International Legal Regulation

Russia and the PRC have concluded several treaties to facilitate international cooperation, including those related to the export of goods.

One of the foundational documents is the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People's Republic of China on Trade and Economic Relations dated March 5, 1992. Under this agreement, the contracting parties grant each other most favored nation (MFN) treatment regarding customs duties, other taxes, and charges imposed on the import and export of goods and related services, as well as customs administration rules and formalities. The parties will assist in organizing and holding trade fairs, exhibitions, and technical-economic seminars in their respective countries and facilitate the travel of trade delegations and groups. This agreement also provides for assistance in opening permanent representative offices for enterprises and organizations engaged in trade and economic activities and ensuring the necessary conditions for their normal operation.

The states have also signed the Protocol between the Federal Customs Service (Russian Federation) and the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China on the Security of the Supply Chain for Containerized Goods and Trade Facilitation, approved by the Order of the Government of Russia No. 1679-r dated August 29, 2015. Under this protocol, the parties organize and carry out the regular electronic exchange of reliable information obtained during customs control over logistics in the country of departure regarding goods being moved to the country of destination. When performing customs operations related to the departure of goods, the customs authority of the country of departure conducts customs control and transmits information to the customs authority of the country of destination. The destination country's customs authority handles all necessary formalities and customs control for imported goods. Goods inspected in the country of departure are not subject to mandatory inspection upon arrival at the destination country's customs authority; however, the destination authority reserves the right to inspect.

On October 13, 2014, the parties signed the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People's Republic of China on Cooperation in the Sphere of Natural Gas Supplies from the Russian Federation to the People's Republic of China via the "Eastern" Route. Under this agreement, the parties provide necessary assistance to authorized organizations for the timely commissioning of the cross-border section of the gas pipeline and ensuring gas transportation through it.

Another critical document is the Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the People's Republic of China, of the other part, dated May 17, 2018. Under this agreement, the parties provide each other with current laws and other regulations governing the introduction and application of antidumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures. The parties inform each other of any changes to such laws and regulations no later than 60 days from the date such changes take effect. If a party detains goods exported from the other party at a state border crossing point due to a lack of necessary documents confirming compliance with technical regulations or conformity assessment procedures, or due to alleged non-compliance, the importer or its representative (carrier) must be immediately and officially notified of the reasons for the detention. A party may also request technical consultations if it believes a specific technical regulation or procedure has created an unnecessary obstacle to its exports.

Thus, to promote the development of relations between Russia and the PRC, measures are being taken to improve the regulatory framework for cooperation, exchange information between authorized bodies, and reduce customs barriers.

However, Chinese legislation may establish specific requirements for goods exported from Russia, which are discussed below.

General Requirements of Chinese Law for Imported Goods

The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Inspection of Import and Export Commodities, approved at the sixth session of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress on February 21, 1989, establishes general requirements for goods imported into China. Pursuant to Article 2, the State Administration for Commodity Inspection is responsible for inspecting imports and exports nationwide.

The inspection of import and export commodities must follow the principles of protecting human health and safety, protecting animals and plants, protecting the environment, preventing fraud, and ensuring national security. The State Administration for Commodity Inspection must formulate and adjust the Catalog of Import and Export Commodities Subject to Mandatory Inspection (the "Catalog of Goods Subject to Inspection") and publish and implement this catalog.

If imported goods are not inspected, they will not be permitted for sale or use. Similarly, if export goods do not meet standards upon inspection, they will not be permitted for export. Mandatory inspection consists of a conformity assessment of the commodities listed in the Catalog of Goods Subject to Inspection against mandatory state technological criteria. Assessment procedures include sampling, inspection, and testing; evaluation, confirmation, and qualification assurance; and registration, recognition, and approval.

The State Administration for Commodity Inspection and its subordinate bodies must promptly collect and provide inspection information to relevant circles. Officials of these bodies must maintain the confidentiality of any commercial secrets they learn while performing their inspection duties. [2]

Requirements of Chinese Law for Specific Types of Supplied Products

Below we consider the requirements for specific types of goods supplied to the PRC.

Lumber. China, North Africa (mainly Egypt), Europe, the CIS countries, and Japan account for the bulk of Russian lumber exports. By 2030, global demand for lumber is estimated to reach approximately 595 million cubic meters, with growth rates of 0.8% to 2% per year. Russia plans to increase lumber production from 44.7 million to 62–69.5 million cubic meters per year by 2030. New volumes will be directed primarily to China.[3]

Wheat. Currently, the Krasnoyarsk and Altai Krais, and the Novosibirsk, Omsk, Amur, Chelyabinsk, and Kurgan Oblasts have the right to export wheat to China. Active negotiations are underway with the Chinese side to expand the regions eligible to export Russian grain and oilseeds.[4]

Cosmetics. In 2019, Moscow hosted the "Cosmetics Industry in China: Russian Trend" conference, where parties signed an agreement to create a joint venture. The partners included LLC Russian Export and the Chinese companies Tianxinyun and Henghui. Conference materials noted that the trend toward consuming imported products is driven by the rising standard of living in China. Cosmetics are one of the most sought-after categories among Chinese consumers.[5]

Food Products. According to the Law of the People's Republic of China on Food Safety, adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on August 26, 2019, the state must implement a licensing system for food production and processing. Anyone engaged in food production, food sales, or catering services must obtain a permit in accordance with the law. However, permits are not required for the sale of edible agricultural products or the sale of prepackaged food only. If only prepackaged food is sold, it must be registered with the local food safety regulatory authorities at the county level or higher. Manufacturers must store products in accordance with safety requirements. The state must establish a food recall system. Upon discovering that their food products do not meet safety standards, food manufacturers must immediately stop production and recall such products from the market.[6]

Pursuant to Article 20 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Food Safety, safety standards for food products include:

• Limits on pathogenic microorganisms, pesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, heavy metals, pollutants, and other substances hazardous to human health;
• The range, usage level, and dosage of food additives;
• Nutritional content requirements for primary and auxiliary food products intended for children under seven years of age and other special groups;
• Requirements for labels, markings, and instructions related to food safety or nutritional properties;
• Requirements for food production hygiene or commercial transactions;
• Quality requirements related to food safety;
• Food testing methods and procedures;
• Other items that must be formulated as food safety standards.

A foreign enterprise producing food products for China must be registered with the State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the Quarantine Service, which handles import/export inspections and quarantine. Chinese authorities regularly publish a list of registered importers and agents and a list of registered foreign food production enterprises (Article 65 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Food Safety).

Imported prepackaged food must have labels and instructions in Chinese. These labels and instructions must comply with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Food Safety, other applicable laws, administrative regulations, and Chinese national food safety standards. The label and instructions must indicate the country and place of origin, as well as the name, address, and contact information of the agent within the PRC. Prepackaged products that lack Chinese labels or instructions, or have labels that do not meet these requirements, cannot be exported to China (Article 66 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Food Safety).

Under Article 84, if a violator engages in food production or commercial operations without a license or produces food additives without a license, the relevant competent departments will confiscate their illegal income, illegally produced food or additives, and the equipment, tools, raw materials, and other items used in the illegal operation.

If the value of the illegally produced or traded food is less than 10,000 yuan, the violator will be fined between 2,000 and 50,000 yuan. If the value is 10,000 yuan or more, the fine will be between five and ten times the value of the products. [7]

Medicinal Products. The PRC government is actively working to create an open and fair climate in the medicinal products market to promote the steady, rapid, and healthy development of the pharmaceutical industry. In 2002, the PRC adopted the Interim Regulation on Quality Control of Production of Raw Materials for Chinese Medicine (GAP standard). A nationwide experiment on GAP compliance certification is currently underway.[8]

To implement the Protocol between the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Russian Federation) and the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China on Phytosanitary Requirements for Medicinal Plant Raw Materials for Chinese Medicine Exported from the Russian Federation to the People's Republic of China, Rosselkhoznadzor is forming a list of Russian enterprises engaged in the production, processing, or storage of medicinal plant raw materials interested in supplying such products to the PRC.[9]

On December 1, 2019, the Law on Drug Administration took effect in the PRC. Drugs sold in China must be approved by the medical device administration under the State Council and have a registration certificate (Article 64). Importers and exporters of anesthetic and psychiatric drugs within state-established limits must provide an import or export permit issued by the drug administration department of the State Council (Article 66). [10] The Law on Drug Administration also introduces a "full traceability" mechanism and a drug recall system. This law also covers online drug sales, a new area requiring better quality control.

The minimum and maximum fine limits are being increased. Manufacturers of counterfeit drugs will be fined between 15 and 30 times their income. Previously, the fine ranged from two to five times the income for supplying falsified products. [11]

However, the Law on Drug Administration also contains some relaxations. For instance, certain drugs imported without a permit will no longer be considered "counterfeit." For example, parties importing unapproved generics may be exempt from punishment if the drugs do not cause harm or delay treatment. "Lighter" sanctions may apply if the circumstances of the import are "relatively insignificant" and only a "small quantity" of drugs is imported.[12]

The above examples cover only some of the requirements for specific types of products exported to China. Below, we discuss the primary documents required to legalize supplies to China.

Requirements for Export Documentation

Different documents are required depending on the type of goods supplied.

1. Veterinary Certificate. As a general rule, a veterinary certificate is required for the import and export of goods subject to veterinary control across the customs border and, in some cases, for their movement within the customs territory. The issuance of veterinary certificates is regulated by Russian law and applies to all countries where Russian products are exported. Specifically, under the Rules for Organizing the Issuance of Veterinary Supporting Documents, the Procedure for Issuing Veterinary Supporting Documents in Electronic Form, and the Procedure for Issuing Veterinary Supporting Documents on Paper, approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia No. 862 dated December 13, 2022, these documents characterize the territorial and species origin, the veterinary and sanitary state of the product, and the epizootic well-being of its origin. They are issued for products included in the List of Goods Subject to Mandatory Veterinary Accompanying Documents, approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia No. 648 dated December 18, 2015.

When exported from the Russian Federation, controlled goods are accompanied by veterinary certificates of forms 5a through 5l, or forms coordinated or approved by the competent authority of the importing country. Veterinary Certificate Form No. 1 is issued for live animals and biological objects. Form No. 2 is used for products of animal origin. Form No. 3 is used for technical raw materials, feed, and biological waste.

For example, Rosselkhoznadzor coordinated a veterinary certificate for the export of alfalfa from Russia with the Animal and Plant Quarantine Department of the General Administration of Customs of China. Manufacturers interested in Chinese supplies must undergo an inspection for compliance with Chinese requirements and be entered into the Cerberus Information System Register of Exporters (Rosselkhoznadzor's automation system created to control the circulation of goods subject to centralized veterinary and phytosanitary control) for China with the activity type "Feed and feed additives/Feed of plant origin/Alfalfa." These enterprises must also submit a verification questionnaire for registration, filled out in Russian and English. The questionnaire includes fields for the manufacturer's name, OGRN, INN, address, type of alfalfa (high-pressure bales/pellets), information on cultivation, processing, disease control, management systems, packaging, and transportation, as well as export registration history for the last three years, including data on returns or non-compliance. [13] The Rosselkhoznadzor official website provides examples of certificates for fish products, beef, and other food items.

2. Health Certificate. For certain goods, Russian suppliers must obtain a Health Certificate, which confirms the consumer qualities, properties, and intended use of the certified goods as declared by the manufacturer. This document is issued for food products.[14]

There is no single body for obtaining a Health Certificate. The procedure depends on the specific product being exported. The certificate is issued either for the exported product as a whole or for a specific batch. [15] For example, Rosselkhoznadzor issues Health Certificates for fish products. On January 1, 2022, Rosselkhoznadzor updated the form of this certificate. [16] The agency's website contains examples of certificates in Russian, English, and Chinese. The document includes information on the product, storage and transportation temperature, mode of transport, labeling, and container numbers and types (when issued for a specific batch).[17]

3. Certificate of Free Sale. When importing products into China, a Certificate of Free Sale or another document may be required to confirm that the domestic product complies with mandatory safety requirements under Russian law and is currently in free circulation on the Russian market.[18] This document is issued by the Russian Export Center. REC Order No. 11 dated February 14, 2017, approved the Regulation on the Procedure for Issuing Certificates of Free Sale. To obtain it, an application must be submitted to JSC Russian Export Center with the supply contract, CMR, invoice, and documents confirming the product's compliance with Russian law or a production license. This document must be provided for each batch of goods.

Please note that all the above documents require special certification for legalization in the PRC through the following stages:

• Notarial certification of the document's translation into Chinese;
• Certification of the notary's signature by the Ministry of Justice of Russia;
• Certification of the document by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia (as the Chinese Embassy only accepts documents certified by the MFA);
• Certification of the document by the Embassy of China.

4. Generalized System of Preferences Certificate of Origin. This document confirms that the products originate from the country where they were entirely produced or underwent significant processing. It is issued by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry at the place of production. For China, the certificate of origin does not require additional certification.[19]

5. Export Contract. The contract is the basis for confirming export operations and their conditions. It regulates the parties' relationship regarding volumes, costs, delivery methods, dispute resolution, applicable law, force majeure, etc.

6. Invoice. Invoices are universal documents for international trade transactions. The invoice serves as a shipping document and the basis for payment.

7. CMR Waybill. The CMR waybill is an international transport document used under the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road dated May 19, 1956. It confirms the carriage contract between the supplier, buyer, and carrier and contains details about the goods being transported.

8. Packing List. The packing list is a shipping document with a detailed inventory and characteristics of the products. It reflects the name and quantity of assets, weight, number of shipping units, and other cargo parameters. It is issued in addition to the invoice.

Importantly, proper documentation does not always guarantee a problem-free export to China. The most frequent issue for Russian suppliers is the customs declaration of exported goods.

Practical Issues in Customs Clearance

Despite the legal regulation of customs procedures, disputes often arise regarding customs valuation and whether the supplied goods match those declared. Below we examine these issues using examples from judicial practice.

One of the primary errors in exporting is the discrepancy between the goods actually exported and those stated in the customs declaration.

For example, in Case No. A33-8372/2022, goods were declared as nephrite under the "export" customs procedure: 15 units shipped from Russia to China. The declaration stated: nephrite, raw or simply sawn, split or roughly squared, 15 units, gross weight 25,220 kg, net weight 25,192 kg. However, a customs inspection revealed that while there were 15 units of nephrite, eight of those units (packed in eight bags) did not match the quality indicators of nephrite from the deposit specified in the declaration and the mining license. Of those eight, three units contained stones with distinct characteristics of other deposits (saw cuts, bright green and blue-green color, deep translucency, absence of crust and cracks). An expert examination identified the presence of jadeite. The declarant argued that the declared goods contained no natural jadeite, as the subsoil user had not prospected for it. However, the court ordered an additional identification expert examination, which concluded that the seized nephrite did not belong to the declared deposit. No objective circumstances preventing the duty to provide an accurate customs declaration were established. Consequently, the court of first instance ruled the administrative penalty was lawful. However, the cassation court overturned the lower courts' decisions and remanded the case for a new trial due to procedural violations. Specifically, the expert opinions were obtained in a separate administrative proceeding to which the declarant was not a party, depriving them of the right to participate in the expert examination. A retrial is currently pending. [20]

In this case, given the evidence presented, the identification of exported goods can be subjective, and the resolution of the dispute depends primarily on an expert examination conducted with respect for the rights of both parties.

However, goods different from those declared are often intentionally moved through customs. For example, a company declared 80 cubic meters of spruce and fir sawlogs and provided phytosanitary certificates for these species. Yet, a customs inspection revealed that the railway platform was actually carrying 76.9 cubic meters of linden — a hardwood. The necessary documents and phytosanitary certificates for hardwood lumber were missing.[21]

Another common problem is the discovery by customs authorities of the undervaluation of customs value.

For example, in Case No. A43-33079/2021, the customs authority decided to include the costs of transport organization services — based on agency agreements with Chinese companies — in the customs value of exported timber. The court of first instance supported the customs authority, but the appellate court overturned the decision. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation disagreed with the appellate court. Specifically, it was established that foreign companies paid the company for goods under foreign trade contracts and for services under agency agreements. The Supreme Court ruled that the court of first instance correctly qualified the foreign trade contracts and agency agreements as interrelated transactions, where payments constitute the price actually paid or payable for the goods — forming the customs value. After analyzing payment documents, the courts found that foreign buyers, when paying under agency agreements, systematically cited invoices linked to the foreign trade contracts for timber supply. Subsequently, according to letters from the foreign buyers, the total payment amount was adjusted by changing the payment purpose between the supply contracts and the agency agreements. In the text of the agency agreements, the declarant and foreign counterparties were referred to as "seller" and "buyer." These circumstances indicated that foreign buyers were actually paying the declarant, who nominally ceased to be the owner of the timber and formally received payment for transporting others' goods. In reality, these payments were for the goods and, therefore, should have been included in the transaction value for customs purposes. [22]

Benefits for Russian Companies Exporting to the PRC

The primary benefit for Russian exporters delivering goods to the PRC is the zero-rate VAT.

Pursuant to sub-clause 1 of clause 1 of Article 164 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, a 0% tax rate is established for goods exported under the export customs procedure, provided the documents required by Article 165 of the Tax Code are submitted to the tax authorities. These documents include the contract and the customs declaration. If the declaration and release of goods occurred electronically, the taxpayer submits a copy of the electronic declaration, which can be printed from the participant's personal account in the foreign trade information system or via software with access to the Unified Automated Information System of the customs authorities. [23]

Documents confirming the 0% VAT rate must be submitted within 180 calendar days from the date the goods were placed under the export customs procedure. If the taxpayer fails to submit these documents within 180 days, the export transactions are subject to VAT at rates of 10% or 20%. If the taxpayer later submits the documents, the paid tax amounts are subject to refund.[24]

In addition to tax benefits, subsidies may be provided to support exports to China.

For instance, Rosselkhoznadzor notes that Government Resolution No. 1104 dated September 15, 2017, which provides federal budget subsidies to Russian organizations to compensate for part of the costs of transporting agricultural and food products by land (including rail), created a new state support mechanism for exporters to China. [25]

This document approves the Rules for Providing Subsidies to Russian Organizations to Compensate for Part of the Costs of Transporting Agricultural and Food Products by Land, Including Rail (the "Rules for Providing Transportation Subsidies"). The compensation amount is up to 50% of the costs actually incurred.

To receive the subsidy, the Rules establish selection criteria, including:

• The organization's transportation costs under supply contracts where the product value exceeds the requested subsidy by at least three times;
• The absence of any unresolved violations of subsidy conditions or submission of false documents by the organization in the three years preceding the application;
• The absence of debts for the return of subsidies or budget investments to the federal budget.

Grounds for refusing a subsidy include:

• Failure to submit (or incomplete submission of) the required documents;
• Non-compliance of the submitted documents with the Rules;
• Provision of false information in the submitted documents.

Furthermore, China has a unified export support system: companies receive assistance through the Trade Representation of the Russian Federation in the PRC and the representative office of the Russian Export Center. Domestic products are promoted on the "Made in Russia" shelves of local marketplaces. VEB.RF, the Russian state development corporation, also acts as a cross-industry platform for concluding foreign trade deals between Russian producers and Chinese consumers. [26]

The Canton Fair, a meeting of members of the Russian-Asian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, is held annually in the PRC, featuring both import and export goods. At the exhibition center, companies can showcase items such as electrical appliances, construction materials, skincare, and cosmetics. Registration is open on the Canton Fair website.[27]

As noted by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia: Any resident of Russia can start exporting to Chinese markets if they become an entrepreneur and take advantage of a special state support program for small businesses. [28]

For example, with the adoption of Government Resolution No. 2371 dated December 21, 2021, an experiment began to provide support via a digital SME platform. The experiment runs from February 1, 2022, to February 1, 2031. This document establishes an information exchange system to provide services, support measures, and SME development tools.

This information includes: identity document data, place of birth, email, SNILS, INN, professional income tax registration status, data on bank accounts and average headcount, tax declarations, and tax debts. The goal is to consolidate all services for small businesses to allow them to access all support measures remotely, including information on available programs and benefits.

Thus, in addition to complying with critical requirements for export operations, exporters now benefit from state support measures designed to encourage international ties with China.

This article has examined the primary issues Russian organizations face when conducting export operations to the PRC. Exporting to the PRC involves specific features, including the preparation of permits, the structuring of legal relationships with suppliers, customs clearance, and the acquisition of benefits and preferences. To assess all legal risks of an export transaction, a detailed analysis of all its specifics is required, including the type of product, the taxation system, and the calculation of payments that may be included in the customs value.

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References

[1] What Russia sold to China in 2023 and what it bought from it. RBC. January 24, 2024.

[2] Law of the People's Republic of China on the Inspection of Import and Export Commodities. Approved at the sixth session of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress on February 21, 1989.

[3] Strategy for the Development of the Forestry Complex of the Russian Federation until 2030.

[4] Long-term Strategy for the Development of the Grain Complex of the Russian Federation until 2035, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1796-r dated August 10, 2019.

[5] Joint venture created for sales of Russian cosmetics to China. VED Agent. ChinaLogist. October 22, 2019.

[6] China Food Safety Law. JCO China Law Portal.

[7] Law of the People's Republic of China on Food Safety. Adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on August 26, 2019.

[8] Control in the sphere of medicinal products safety in China. Supertelo906090 wholesale and retail store.

[9] Attention Foreign Trade Participants! Medicinal raw materials to the People's Republic of China. Southern Interregional Directorate of Rosselkhoznadzor. June 28, 2023.

[10] China Drug Law. Adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on August 26, 2019.

[11] Drug quality control tightened in the PRC. Lekoboz. December 10, 2019.

[12] China relaxes restrictions on drug imports. Atul Aneja. August 28, 2019.

[13] Letter of Rosselkhoznadzor No. FS-KS-7/34340 dated December 20, 2022.

[14] Health certificate for export Rosselkhoznadzor. Prolicense.

[15] Consular legalization of Health Certificate. Perevod.One.

[16] Directive of Rosselkhoznadzor No. FS-KS-7/37610 dated December 24, 2021.

[17] Veterinary certificates. Rosselkhoznadzor / Import. Export. Transit.

[18] We need a step-by-step algorithm of actions to enter the PRC market with a product: confectionery. Export Support Center of the Smolensk Region. October 9, 2019.

[19] Export to China. Document24.

[20] Decision of the Arbitration Court of the Krasnoyarsk Krai in Case No. A33-8372/2022 dated June 15, 2022.

[21] Almost 77 cubic meters of lumber detained by Ussuriysk customs officers during an attempted illegal export to China. Far Eastern Customs Directorate. January 22, 2024.

[22] Ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 301-ES23-1708 in Case No. A43-33079/2021 dated June 6, 2023.

[23] Letter of the FTS of Russia No. SD-4-3/14795@ dated July 31, 2018.

[24] Information for the exporter. FTS of Russia.

[25] Mechanism of state support for Russian exporters supplying goods to China. Rosselkhoznadzor. October 23, 2017.

[26] Russian Export Center spoke about the unified export support system in China. Russian Export Center. July 11, 2023.

[27] Canton Fair 2024, spring, 135th Canton Fair. CBS trade shows Guide. February 15, 2024.

[28] Ministry of Economic Development will help any Russian start trading with China. My Business. September 19, 2023.